Brown Snake Envenomation

Brown snake species are the commonest cause of snakebite envenomations and deaths in Australia. They are widely distributed throughout mainland Australia, frequently being found within urban areas (10% of brown snakes are captured within homes!).

Like many snakes, the name is deceptive with Brown snakes varying in colour from brown to orange-red, grey or black. They are a medium size snake (rarely larger than 2 metres long) with small fangs and produce only small amounts of a very potent venom. The small fangs may struggle to penetrate clothing and skin and the venom volume is small however this is well and truly made up for by the frequency of bites and potency of the venom.

Brown snake venom

The Brown snake venom is considered the second post potent snake venom in the world. The venom is multicomponent and includes powerful neurotoxin and coagulant toxin. Although never isolated, the presence of a specific nephrotoxin is suspected. Brown snake envenomation carries a 10% death rate without antivenom treatment.

Symptoms of envenomation

Due to the very small fangs, a Brown snake bite is frequently painless and may be difficult to visualise (but do not be fooled).

Early signs of envenomation include tenderness in the draining lymph node region (arm pit or groin), nausea and abdominal pain. Despite the presence of a neurotoxin, paralysis is rare.

The hallmark of Brown snake envenomation is a profound coagulapathy, which is of rapid onset and may peak within 30 minutes of exposure to the venom. The victim may ooze blood from the bite site initially and progress to bleeding from any other wounds (scratches/ cuts) and from the nose or gums. Serious bleeding within the brain or abdomen may lead to death.